Early years of industrial psychologyRelative to other sciences and in other areas in the field of psychology, psilologi I / O has a history pendik. Like the formal study of the organization, this new science smulai at the turn of last century (Wren, 1987). In those early days, this branch of science called simply enough industrial psychology and much narrower in scope than the definition in the Specialty Guidelines (APA, 1981).Parent of industrial psychology in the first seprtiga 20th century may be concluded by the title of earliest one textbook in that field: Psychology of Industrial Efficiency (Efficiency of Industrial Psychology, Munsterberg.1931). dusarankan by titles like this, very alarming psychologist relic of efficiency in the workplace. They believe that merode employee selection, training methods, and the strategy of job design and layout better working is key to achieving this efficiency. Walter Dill Scott, a psychologist who trained in Germany in the classical tradition, is a pioneer in this effort (Lynch, 1968). Scott conducted research in the field of psychology perikalanan, in the selection and placement of the interpreter on sales, and in examining and classifying candidates Army officers (Scott, 1911a, b)Their emphasis on efficiency means that the work of early industrial psychologists tend to be crossed and influenced by industrial engineers work. Particularly relevant are the principles of analysis time and motion studies, developed and enhanced by Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and others.Practical purpose of the first industrial psychologist accelerated by the entry of America in World War I in 1918. urgent military needs to classify and assign a large number of new personnel to work according to a war that requires individual testing on a new scale. Test data intelligence, psychomotor, and personality that are collected during this time provide material for test development for subsequent years for those interested in the measurement of human characteristics.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology in IndonesiaNew science of psychology as well known and developed in Indonesia around 1950's. When Indonesian independence was officially recognized by the dutch at end of year 1949, there are psychological activities using ts-psychological tests conducted by:
A. Psychototechnick Hall of the Ministry of Education Teaching & Culture RI emngadakan selection of students for entry into technical and vocational schools for the purposes of measurement psikometris school majors.
B. Army Psychology Center in Bandung, which organizes the selection and majors to its members based on the measurement psikomertis
On March 3, 1953, under the leadership of Imam Prof.Dr.Slamet Santosso, founded the Institute of Education Psychology Assistant, and the Institute for Teaching Psychotechniek from the Ministry of Education and Culture was merged into it Manjadi RI Psychology of Vocational and Company. Educational Institutions Evolve into Programs Psychology Psychology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and in 1960 became the Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia. Vocational Psychology Section and the Company is now the Section of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Industrial psychology is the branch of psychology that when it only applies to the use of test selection and majors in school since it was turned into his theory of science that can be developed through research.In general we can say that the possibilities for developing and industrial psychology as a science in Indonesia has been known and understood, but its implementation can not be carried out fully.Psychology and Industry in Indonesia today is still an applied science with its main activities on the implementation of a psychological examination (which is popularly known as "psychological test") for the purpose of selection and placement, counseling and vocational guidance and career development.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Every parent would want a pile of favorable development in the life phase of their children, both physical and psychiatric. It is a appearance, physical developments seemed more prominent than the psychological. In fact, sometimes we need to be more vigilant in upholding the child's psychological development because later it will be associated with the formation of identity and personality of the child. Furthermore, we will discuss about the child's psychological development in detail, especially pre-school age children (from age 4 years) up to the school (aged 12 years / before puberty).
Psychosocial developmentIn addition to self-concept and emotional development, we can also see from psychosocial development. From various experts that make up theories about the level of child development, Erick Erickson is one expert who specializes in the development of human social psychology. He developed his theory by making eight psychosocial stages that cover the whole range of life, examining the development of identity, and develop a different method of setting a structured psychoanalytic used with adults. Each stage builds upon the previous phase and affect the formation of the next stage.Erickson himself accentuation theory lies in the search for identity. Identity is the understanding and acceptance of self and society. Throughout our lives will ask "Who am I?" And stringing different answers at each stage. So also the problem of identity is always mmuncul throughout the human life even in very small scale.When viewed from particular age range 4 to 12 years of age, within the psychosocial stages of Erickson can be explained as follows:
When a child is at the age of four to five years, they began to learn from people around him. They recognize their parents as a highly powerful and strong. They also imitate what their parents do. Ability initiative in making decisions to achieve the target and the competition also began to arise in their minds. This is supported by the advance motion tool, language, cognition, and creativity. If they can solve a problem, the initiative will result in the child while the opposite will occur when feelings of guilt. At this stage, the child has learned that he had to work hard to achieve his goal (Wrightsman 1994).
This stage occurs at the age of 6 years samapai they enter puberty, which at this age they start school and become a bigger ahapan for knowledge and their work. They began to enter a new stage where they were introduced by the formal education system and new technologies used in school activities. If someone can get through this phase will arise a sense of industry, such as feelings and able to master something. However, if fails then would appear inadequacy and inferiority feelings.
ConclusionOf the various explanations that described previously, then the parents really need to pay attention to children since the early psychological development. In this way, then after nanati adults, children will become adult figure and resilient in facing any problems so that incidents like suicide, depression, etc. can be avoided.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social psychology is the development of new science and is a branch of psychological science in general. Science describes the human activities in relation to social situations. Of various opinion leaders about the notion of social psychology can be concluded that social psychology is the scientific study of the experiences and behavior of individuals in relation to social situations.
Whereas the background incidence of social psychology, some people argue a lot, like, Gabriel Tarde said the fundamentals of social psychology theories originate in the process of imitation as a basis of social interaction between people. Surgery again by Gustave Le Bon, that in humans there are two kinds of souls that is the individual soul and the soul of the mass of each berlaianan nature.
Mass soul is more primitive (savage, irrational, and full of sentiment) than on the properties of the individual soul. Berlaianan with Le Bon, Sigmund Freud argues that the soul of the masses is actually already there and are covered by the individual soul, only humans are often not realized by itself because it is in a state of latent. And many more characters who argued in a book that has an influence on the development of social psychology.
In 1950 and 1960 are actively growing social psychology and psychology degree programs in major universities began disebagaianBasic study of social psychology on the basis of human potential, where the potential is experiencing the development process after the individual is living in a community environment. Potentials include:
1. ability to use language
2. existence of ethical attitudes
3. Living in three dimensions (past, present, future)
The third principal over the human condition commonly referred to as a minimum. Thus that do not meet minimum human itself were classified as public is difficult. Object of social psychology is the study of human social activities / social phenomena. While social methods, among others:a. Experimental Methodb. Survey Methodsc. Observation Methodd. Diagnostic methods - psychise. Sosiometri method.
As the object of human science, then there is mutual relationship between social psychology with other sciences are also human object, such as: law Science, Economics, history, and is most closely related to sociology. Location in a systematic social psychology in psychology, including the nature of empirical psychology and the psychology of belonging to a special psychology and a study investigating aspects of the specificity of the things that are generally studied in the specialized field of psychology. While standing in the field of social psychology psiklogi included in theoretical psychology, social psychology, while classified in theoretical psychology.
About the ideology of social psychology there is any contradiction between the various figures in social psychology which can outline that is divided into two streams, the flow subyektifisme stating that the individual that shape his behavior in any society. And the second is the flow, which merupkan obyektivisme flow opposite of subjectivism, that the society that determines the individual.
In addition to the above two streams, there are still discussing the flow of the relationship of the individual with the society of which is the flow of historical and cultural personality.
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