EXERCISE 1 : Change the active to the passive by supplying the correct from of be.
1. Tom opens the door.
Answer : The door is opened by Tom.
2. Tom is opening the door.
Answer : The door is being opened by Tom.
3. Tom has opened the door.
Answer : The door has been opened by Tom.
4. Tom opened the door.
Answer : The door was opened by Tom.
5. Tom was opening the door.
Answer : The door had been opened by Tom
6. Tom had opened the door.
Answer : The door is going to be opened by Tom
7. Tom will open the door.
Answer : The door will have been opened by Tom.
8. Tom is going to open the door.
Answer : The door will have been opened by Tom
9. Tom will have opened the door.
Answer : The door will have been opened by Tom.
EXERCISE 2 : Change the active to the passive.
1. Shakespeare wrote the play.
Answer : That play was written by Shakespeare.
2. Bill will invite Ann to the party.
Answer : Ann will be invited to the party by Bill.
3. Alex is preparing that report.
Answer : That report is being prepared by Alex.
4. Waitresses and waiters serve costumers.
Answer : Costumers are served by the waitresses and waiters.
5. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.
Answer : The lesson is going to be explained by the teacher.
6. Shirley has suggested a new idea.
Answer : A new idea has been suggested by Shirley.
7. Two horses were pulling the farmer's wagon.
Answer : The farmer's wagon was being pulled by two horses.
8. Kathy had returned the book the library.
Answer : The book had been returned by Kathy to the library.
9. By this time tomorrow, the president will have the announcement.
Answer : The announcement will be have been by the president by this time tomorrow.
10. I didn't write that note. Jim wrote it.
Answer : That note wasn't written by me, it was written by Jim.
11. Alice didn't make the pie. did Mrs. French make it?
Answer : The pie wasn't made by Alice, was it made by Mrs. French?
12. Does Prof. Jackson teach that course? i know that Prof. Adams doesn't teach it.
Answer : Is that course taught by Prof. Jackson? I know that it is not taught by Prof. Adams.
13. Mrs. Andrews hasn't signed those papers yet. Has Mr. Andrews signed them yet?
Answer : Those papers haven't been signed by Mrs. Andrews yet. Have been them signed by Mrs. Andrews yet?
14. Is Mr. Brown painting your house?
Answer : Is your house being painted by Mr. Brown?
15. His tricks won't fool me.
Answer : I will not be fallen by his tricks.
EXERCISE 3 : Change the activate to passive if possible. Some verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed.
1. A strange thing happened yesterday. (No change)
2. Jackie scored the winning goal.
Answer: The winning goal was scored by Jackie.
3. My cat died. (No change)
4. I agree with Dr. Ikeda's theory. (No change)
5. Dr. Ikeda developed that theory.
Answer : That theory was developed by Dr. Ikeda.
6. Timmy dropped the cup.
Answer : The cup was dropped by Timmy.
7. The cup fell to the floor. (No change)
8. The assistant manager interviewed me.
Answer : I was interviewed by the assistant manager.
9.It rained hard yesterday. (No change)
10. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village.
Answer : The small fishing village was destroyed by a hurricane.
11. Dinosaurs existed millions of year ago. (No change)
12. A large vase stands in the corner of our front hallway. (No change)
13. The children seemed happy when they went to the zoo. (No change)
14. After class, one of the students always erases the chalkboard.
Answer : The chalkboard is always erased by one of the students after class.
15. The solution to my problem speared to me in a dream. (No change)
EXERCISE 4 : Why is the use of the passive appropriate in the following sentences? What would be the active equivalents of the passive sentences?
1. My sweater was made in England.
Answer : I made my sweater in England.
2. The new highway will be completed sometime next month.
Answer : The new highway are going to complete sometime next month.
3. Language skill are taught in every school in the country.
Answer : In the country, every school teach language skill.
4. Beethoven's Seventh Symphony was performed at the concert last night.
Answer: Last night, Beethoven's Seventh Symphony performed at the concert.
5. The world cup soccer games are being televised all over the world.
Answer : All over the world are televising the world cup soccer games.
6. This composition was written by Ali. That one was written by Yoko.
Answer : Ali wrote this composition Yoko wrote that one.
7. The Washington Monument is visited by hundreds of people every day.
Answer : Hundreds of people visits The Washington Monument everyday.
8. The chief writing material of ancient times was papyrus. It was used in Egypt, Greece, and other Mediterranean lands.
Answer : The chief writing material of ancient times was papyrus. In Egypt, Greece, and other Mediterranean used it.
9. Parchment, another writing material that was widely used in ancient times, was made from the skin of animals such as sheep and goats. After the hair had been removed, the skins were stretched and rubbed smooth.
Answer : The ancient people are using parchment, the skin of animal such as sheep and goats for writing material. After the hair had been removed, the skins were stretched and rubbed smooth.
10. Paper, the main writing material today, was invented by the Chinese.
Answer : Chinese invented paper, the man writing material today.
EXERCISE 5 : Change the following active sentences to passive sentences if possible. (some of the verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed). Keep the same tense. include the "by phrase" only if necessary.
1. People grow corn in low a
Answer : Corn is grown in low a.
2. Peter came here two months ago. (No change)
3. Someone made this antique table in 1734
Answer : This antique table was made in 1734.
4. An accident happened at the corner of Kalimantan street. (No change)
5. Someone stole my purse.
Answer : My purse was stolen.
6. Someone was making the coffee when i walked into the kitchen.
Answer : The coffee was being made when i walked into the kitchen.
7. Translator have translated that book into many languages.
Answer : That book have been translated into many languages.
8. Jim's daughter drew that picture. My son drew this picture.
Answer : That picture was drew by Jim's daughter. This picture was drew by my son.
9. The judges will judge the applicants on the basis of their originality.
Answer : The applicants will be judged on the basis of their originality.
10. Mi sister's plane will arrive at 10:35. (No change)
11. Is professor Rivers teaching that course this semester?
Answer : That course is being teached by professor Rivers in this semester?
12. When did someone invent to radio? (No change)
13. The mail carrier had already delivered the mail by the time i left for school this morning.
Answer : The mail had been already delivered by the time i left for school this morning.
14. When is someone going to announce the results of the contest? (No change)
15. After the concert was over, hundreds of fans mobbed the rock music star outside the theater.
Answer : The rock music star was mobbed by hundreds of fans outside the theater, after concert was over.
16. Ever since i arrived here, i have been living in the dormitory because someone, old me that is was cheaper to live there than in a apartment. (No change)
17.They are going to build the new hospital next year. They have already built the new elementary school.
Answer : The new hospital is going to be built next year, the new elementary school have been already built.
18. If you expose a film to light while you are developing it, you will ruin the negatives. (No change)
EXERCISE 6 :Find the INDIRECT OBJECT in each sentence, and make it the focus of attention by using it as the subject of a passive sentence. Use the "by phrase" only in necessary.
1. Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.
(indirect object - Ann) - Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant.
2. Indian University has a award Peggy a scholarship.
(indirect object - Peggy) - Peggy has been awarded a scholarship by Indian University.
3. Some company paid Fred three hundred dollars in consulting fees.
(indirect object - Fred) - Fred was paid three hundred dollars in consulting.
4. A local advertising company has offered Maria a good job.
(indirect object - Maria) - Maria has been offered a good job by a local advertising company.
5. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.
(indirect object - You) - You will be sent a bill at the end of the month by them.
6. Someone will give the starving people a week's supply of rice as soon as the food supplies arrive in the famine-stricken area.
(indirect object - The starving people) - The starving people will be gave a week's supply of rice as soon as the food supplies arrive in the famine-stricken area.
EXERCISE 7 - ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Change active to passive.
Example : Someone built that house ten years ago.
Response : That house was built ten years ago.
1. Someone invited you to a party.
Response : I was invited by someone to a party.
2. Someone wrote that book in 1987.
Response : That book was written by someone in 1987.
3. (Tasya) wrote that book in 1987.
Response : That book was written by Tasya in 1987.
4. People grow rice in many countries.
Response : Rice is grown by people in many countries.
5. The secretary is typing the letter.
Response : The letter is being typed by the secretary.
6. Someone is televising the game.
Response : The game is being telivised by someone.
7. Teachers teach reading in the first grade.
Response : Reading is taught by teacher in the first grade.
8. Someone has offered (Widuri) a good job.
Response : Widuri has been offered a good job by someone.
9. Someone told you to be here at ten.
Response : I was told to be here at ten.
10. Someone published that book in 1985.
Response : That book was published in 1985
11. Someone has sent (Ismi) an invitation to a wedding.
Response : Ismi has been sent an invitation to a wedding.
12. Someone made that hat in Mexico.
Response : That hat was made in Mexico.
13. In the early 80's. Photographs of Mars was sent back to earth by unmanned spaces probes. From these photographs, scientist have been able to make detailed maps of the surface of Mars.
14. A network of lines discovered on Mars astronomer called these lines "channels", but when the Italian word translated into English, it became "canals". As a result. some people thought the lines were waterways that were built by some unknown living creatures. we know that the lines are not really canals. Canals wasn't exist in Mars.
EXERCISE 8 : Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive
1. James should be told the news as soon as possible.
2. Someone should tell James the news immediately.
3. James should have been told the news a long time ago.
4. Meat must be kept in a refrigerator or it will spoil.
5. You must keep meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil.
6. We tried, but the window couldn't be opened it was painted shut.
7. I tried, but i couldn't open the window.
8. Good news! I may be offered a job soon. I had an interview at an engineering firm yesterday.
9. Chris has good news. The engineering firm where she had an interview yesterday may offer her a job soon.
10. I hope Chris accepts our job, but i know she's been having interviews with several companies. she may have been already offered job by a competing firm before we made our offer.
11. A competing firm may have already offered Chris a job before we made our offer.
Sabtu, 11 Desember 2010
Selasa, 28 September 2010
ENGLISH FOR STUDENT OF PSYCHOLOGY 3
THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES
From: Be + ing (present participle)Meaning:The progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that am action begin before, is in progress during, and continues after another time or action. |
PRESENTPROGRESSIVE | (a)He is sleeping right now. | He went to sleep at 10:00 to night. It is now 11:00 and he is still sleep. His sleep began in the past, is in progress at the present time, and probably will continue. |
PAST PROGRESSIVE | (b) He was sleeping when I arrived | He went to sleep at 10:00 last night. I arrived at 11:00 He was still a sleep. His sleep began before and was in progress at a particular time in the past. It probably continued. |
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE | (c) He will be sleeping when we arrived. | He will go to sleep at 10:00 tomorrow to night. We will arrive at 11:00. The action of sleeping will begin before we arrive at it well be in progress at a particular time in the future. Probably his sleep will continue. |
3.THE PERFECT TENSES
From: have + past participleMeaning:The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before another time or event. |
PRESSENT PERFECT | (a) I have already eaten | I finished eating sometime before now. The exact tome is not important. |
PAST PERFECT | (b) I had already eaten when they arrived | First i finished eating. Later they arrive. My eating will be completely fifinished before another time in the past. |
FUTURE PERFECT | (c) I will already have eaten when they arrive. | First I will finish eating. Later they will arrive. My eating will be completely finished before another time in the future. |
1-4 THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
From:have + been + – ing (present participle)Meaning : The perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately before, up to until another time or event. The tenses are used to express the duranon of the first event. |
PRESSENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE | (a) I have been studying for two fours. | Event in progress studying When?Before now, up to now. How long? For two hours. |
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE | (b) I had been studying for two hours before my friend came. | Event in progress studying. When? Before another event in the past. How long? For two hours. |
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE | (c) I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive. | Event in progress studying. When? Before another event in the future. How long? For two hours. |
1-14 USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE WITH PROGRESSIVE TENSES
(A) Kay is studying in her room.(B) Kay is in room studying. (C) Jack was in bed reading a book when I came. | An expression of place cn sometimes come between the auxiliary be and the- ing verb in a progressive tense ,as in (b) and (c) |
Sabtu, 18 September 2010
Widuri Natasya
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Early years of industrial psychologyRelative to other sciences and in other areas in the field of psychology, psilologi I / O has a history pendik. Like the formal study of the organization, this new science smulai at the turn of last century (Wren, 1987). In those early days, this branch of science called simply enough industrial psychology and much narrower in scope than the definition in the Specialty Guidelines (APA, 1981).Parent of industrial psychology in the first seprtiga 20th century may be concluded by the title of earliest one textbook in that field: Psychology of Industrial Efficiency (Efficiency of Industrial Psychology, Munsterberg.1931). dusarankan by titles like this, very alarming psychologist relic of efficiency in the workplace. They believe that merode employee selection, training methods, and the strategy of job design and layout better working is key to achieving this efficiency. Walter Dill Scott, a psychologist who trained in Germany in the classical tradition, is a pioneer in this effort (Lynch, 1968). Scott conducted research in the field of psychology perikalanan, in the selection and placement of the interpreter on sales, and in examining and classifying candidates Army officers (Scott, 1911a, b)Their emphasis on efficiency means that the work of early industrial psychologists tend to be crossed and influenced by industrial engineers work. Particularly relevant are the principles of analysis time and motion studies, developed and enhanced by Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and others.Practical purpose of the first industrial psychologist accelerated by the entry of America in World War I in 1918. urgent military needs to classify and assign a large number of new personnel to work according to a war that requires individual testing on a new scale. Test data intelligence, psychomotor, and personality that are collected during this time provide material for test development for subsequent years for those interested in the measurement of human characteristics.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology in IndonesiaNew science of psychology as well known and developed in Indonesia around 1950's. When Indonesian independence was officially recognized by the dutch at end of year 1949, there are psychological activities using ts-psychological tests conducted by:
A. Psychototechnick Hall of the Ministry of Education Teaching & Culture RI emngadakan selection of students for entry into technical and vocational schools for the purposes of measurement psikometris school majors.
B. Army Psychology Center in Bandung, which organizes the selection and majors to its members based on the measurement psikomertis
On March 3, 1953, under the leadership of Imam Prof.Dr.Slamet Santosso, founded the Institute of Education Psychology Assistant, and the Institute for Teaching Psychotechniek from the Ministry of Education and Culture was merged into it Manjadi RI Psychology of Vocational and Company. Educational Institutions Evolve into Programs Psychology Psychology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and in 1960 became the Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia. Vocational Psychology Section and the Company is now the Section of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Industrial psychology is the branch of psychology that when it only applies to the use of test selection and majors in school since it was turned into his theory of science that can be developed through research.In general we can say that the possibilities for developing and industrial psychology as a science in Indonesia has been known and understood, but its implementation can not be carried out fully.Psychology and Industry in Indonesia today is still an applied science with its main activities on the implementation of a psychological examination (which is popularly known as "psychological test") for the purpose of selection and placement, counseling and vocational guidance and career development.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Every parent would want a pile of favorable development in the life phase of their children, both physical and psychiatric. It is a appearance, physical developments seemed more prominent than the psychological. In fact, sometimes we need to be more vigilant in upholding the child's psychological development because later it will be associated with the formation of identity and personality of the child. Furthermore, we will discuss about the child's psychological development in detail, especially pre-school age children (from age 4 years) up to the school (aged 12 years / before puberty).
Psychosocial developmentIn addition to self-concept and emotional development, we can also see from psychosocial development. From various experts that make up theories about the level of child development, Erick Erickson is one expert who specializes in the development of human social psychology. He developed his theory by making eight psychosocial stages that cover the whole range of life, examining the development of identity, and develop a different method of setting a structured psychoanalytic used with adults. Each stage builds upon the previous phase and affect the formation of the next stage.Erickson himself accentuation theory lies in the search for identity. Identity is the understanding and acceptance of self and society. Throughout our lives will ask "Who am I?" And stringing different answers at each stage. So also the problem of identity is always mmuncul throughout the human life even in very small scale.When viewed from particular age range 4 to 12 years of age, within the psychosocial stages of Erickson can be explained as follows:
When a child is at the age of four to five years, they began to learn from people around him. They recognize their parents as a highly powerful and strong. They also imitate what their parents do. Ability initiative in making decisions to achieve the target and the competition also began to arise in their minds. This is supported by the advance motion tool, language, cognition, and creativity. If they can solve a problem, the initiative will result in the child while the opposite will occur when feelings of guilt. At this stage, the child has learned that he had to work hard to achieve his goal (Wrightsman 1994).
This stage occurs at the age of 6 years samapai they enter puberty, which at this age they start school and become a bigger ahapan for knowledge and their work. They began to enter a new stage where they were introduced by the formal education system and new technologies used in school activities. If someone can get through this phase will arise a sense of industry, such as feelings and able to master something. However, if fails then would appear inadequacy and inferiority feelings.
ConclusionOf the various explanations that described previously, then the parents really need to pay attention to children since the early psychological development. In this way, then after nanati adults, children will become adult figure and resilient in facing any problems so that incidents like suicide, depression, etc. can be avoided.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social psychology is the development of new science and is a branch of psychological science in general. Science describes the human activities in relation to social situations. Of various opinion leaders about the notion of social psychology can be concluded that social psychology is the scientific study of the experiences and behavior of individuals in relation to social situations.
Whereas the background incidence of social psychology, some people argue a lot, like, Gabriel Tarde said the fundamentals of social psychology theories originate in the process of imitation as a basis of social interaction between people. Surgery again by Gustave Le Bon, that in humans there are two kinds of souls that is the individual soul and the soul of the mass of each berlaianan nature.
Mass soul is more primitive (savage, irrational, and full of sentiment) than on the properties of the individual soul. Berlaianan with Le Bon, Sigmund Freud argues that the soul of the masses is actually already there and are covered by the individual soul, only humans are often not realized by itself because it is in a state of latent. And many more characters who argued in a book that has an influence on the development of social psychology.
In 1950 and 1960 are actively growing social psychology and psychology degree programs in major universities began disebagaianBasic study of social psychology on the basis of human potential, where the potential is experiencing the development process after the individual is living in a community environment. Potentials include:
1. ability to use language
2. existence of ethical attitudes
3. Living in three dimensions (past, present, future)
The third principal over the human condition commonly referred to as a minimum. Thus that do not meet minimum human itself were classified as public is difficult. Object of social psychology is the study of human social activities / social phenomena. While social methods, among others:a. Experimental Methodb. Survey Methodsc. Observation Methodd. Diagnostic methods - psychise. Sosiometri method.
As the object of human science, then there is mutual relationship between social psychology with other sciences are also human object, such as: law Science, Economics, history, and is most closely related to sociology. Location in a systematic social psychology in psychology, including the nature of empirical psychology and the psychology of belonging to a special psychology and a study investigating aspects of the specificity of the things that are generally studied in the specialized field of psychology. While standing in the field of social psychology psiklogi included in theoretical psychology, social psychology, while classified in theoretical psychology.
About the ideology of social psychology there is any contradiction between the various figures in social psychology which can outline that is divided into two streams, the flow subyektifisme stating that the individual that shape his behavior in any society. And the second is the flow, which merupkan obyektivisme flow opposite of subjectivism, that the society that determines the individual.
In addition to the above two streams, there are still discussing the flow of the relationship of the individual with the society of which is the flow of historical and cultural personality.
Early years of industrial psychologyRelative to other sciences and in other areas in the field of psychology, psilologi I / O has a history pendik. Like the formal study of the organization, this new science smulai at the turn of last century (Wren, 1987). In those early days, this branch of science called simply enough industrial psychology and much narrower in scope than the definition in the Specialty Guidelines (APA, 1981).Parent of industrial psychology in the first seprtiga 20th century may be concluded by the title of earliest one textbook in that field: Psychology of Industrial Efficiency (Efficiency of Industrial Psychology, Munsterberg.1931). dusarankan by titles like this, very alarming psychologist relic of efficiency in the workplace. They believe that merode employee selection, training methods, and the strategy of job design and layout better working is key to achieving this efficiency. Walter Dill Scott, a psychologist who trained in Germany in the classical tradition, is a pioneer in this effort (Lynch, 1968). Scott conducted research in the field of psychology perikalanan, in the selection and placement of the interpreter on sales, and in examining and classifying candidates Army officers (Scott, 1911a, b)Their emphasis on efficiency means that the work of early industrial psychologists tend to be crossed and influenced by industrial engineers work. Particularly relevant are the principles of analysis time and motion studies, developed and enhanced by Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and others.Practical purpose of the first industrial psychologist accelerated by the entry of America in World War I in 1918. urgent military needs to classify and assign a large number of new personnel to work according to a war that requires individual testing on a new scale. Test data intelligence, psychomotor, and personality that are collected during this time provide material for test development for subsequent years for those interested in the measurement of human characteristics.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology in IndonesiaNew science of psychology as well known and developed in Indonesia around 1950's. When Indonesian independence was officially recognized by the dutch at end of year 1949, there are psychological activities using ts-psychological tests conducted by:
A. Psychototechnick Hall of the Ministry of Education Teaching & Culture RI emngadakan selection of students for entry into technical and vocational schools for the purposes of measurement psikometris school majors.
B. Army Psychology Center in Bandung, which organizes the selection and majors to its members based on the measurement psikomertis
On March 3, 1953, under the leadership of Imam Prof.Dr.Slamet Santosso, founded the Institute of Education Psychology Assistant, and the Institute for Teaching Psychotechniek from the Ministry of Education and Culture was merged into it Manjadi RI Psychology of Vocational and Company. Educational Institutions Evolve into Programs Psychology Psychology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and in 1960 became the Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia. Vocational Psychology Section and the Company is now the Section of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Industrial psychology is the branch of psychology that when it only applies to the use of test selection and majors in school since it was turned into his theory of science that can be developed through research.In general we can say that the possibilities for developing and industrial psychology as a science in Indonesia has been known and understood, but its implementation can not be carried out fully.Psychology and Industry in Indonesia today is still an applied science with its main activities on the implementation of a psychological examination (which is popularly known as "psychological test") for the purpose of selection and placement, counseling and vocational guidance and career development.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Every parent would want a pile of favorable development in the life phase of their children, both physical and psychiatric. It is a appearance, physical developments seemed more prominent than the psychological. In fact, sometimes we need to be more vigilant in upholding the child's psychological development because later it will be associated with the formation of identity and personality of the child. Furthermore, we will discuss about the child's psychological development in detail, especially pre-school age children (from age 4 years) up to the school (aged 12 years / before puberty).
Psychosocial developmentIn addition to self-concept and emotional development, we can also see from psychosocial development. From various experts that make up theories about the level of child development, Erick Erickson is one expert who specializes in the development of human social psychology. He developed his theory by making eight psychosocial stages that cover the whole range of life, examining the development of identity, and develop a different method of setting a structured psychoanalytic used with adults. Each stage builds upon the previous phase and affect the formation of the next stage.Erickson himself accentuation theory lies in the search for identity. Identity is the understanding and acceptance of self and society. Throughout our lives will ask "Who am I?" And stringing different answers at each stage. So also the problem of identity is always mmuncul throughout the human life even in very small scale.When viewed from particular age range 4 to 12 years of age, within the psychosocial stages of Erickson can be explained as follows:
When a child is at the age of four to five years, they began to learn from people around him. They recognize their parents as a highly powerful and strong. They also imitate what their parents do. Ability initiative in making decisions to achieve the target and the competition also began to arise in their minds. This is supported by the advance motion tool, language, cognition, and creativity. If they can solve a problem, the initiative will result in the child while the opposite will occur when feelings of guilt. At this stage, the child has learned that he had to work hard to achieve his goal (Wrightsman 1994).
This stage occurs at the age of 6 years samapai they enter puberty, which at this age they start school and become a bigger ahapan for knowledge and their work. They began to enter a new stage where they were introduced by the formal education system and new technologies used in school activities. If someone can get through this phase will arise a sense of industry, such as feelings and able to master something. However, if fails then would appear inadequacy and inferiority feelings.
ConclusionOf the various explanations that described previously, then the parents really need to pay attention to children since the early psychological development. In this way, then after nanati adults, children will become adult figure and resilient in facing any problems so that incidents like suicide, depression, etc. can be avoided.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social psychology is the development of new science and is a branch of psychological science in general. Science describes the human activities in relation to social situations. Of various opinion leaders about the notion of social psychology can be concluded that social psychology is the scientific study of the experiences and behavior of individuals in relation to social situations.
Whereas the background incidence of social psychology, some people argue a lot, like, Gabriel Tarde said the fundamentals of social psychology theories originate in the process of imitation as a basis of social interaction between people. Surgery again by Gustave Le Bon, that in humans there are two kinds of souls that is the individual soul and the soul of the mass of each berlaianan nature.
Mass soul is more primitive (savage, irrational, and full of sentiment) than on the properties of the individual soul. Berlaianan with Le Bon, Sigmund Freud argues that the soul of the masses is actually already there and are covered by the individual soul, only humans are often not realized by itself because it is in a state of latent. And many more characters who argued in a book that has an influence on the development of social psychology.
In 1950 and 1960 are actively growing social psychology and psychology degree programs in major universities began disebagaianBasic study of social psychology on the basis of human potential, where the potential is experiencing the development process after the individual is living in a community environment. Potentials include:
1. ability to use language
2. existence of ethical attitudes
3. Living in three dimensions (past, present, future)
The third principal over the human condition commonly referred to as a minimum. Thus that do not meet minimum human itself were classified as public is difficult. Object of social psychology is the study of human social activities / social phenomena. While social methods, among others:a. Experimental Methodb. Survey Methodsc. Observation Methodd. Diagnostic methods - psychise. Sosiometri method.
As the object of human science, then there is mutual relationship between social psychology with other sciences are also human object, such as: law Science, Economics, history, and is most closely related to sociology. Location in a systematic social psychology in psychology, including the nature of empirical psychology and the psychology of belonging to a special psychology and a study investigating aspects of the specificity of the things that are generally studied in the specialized field of psychology. While standing in the field of social psychology psiklogi included in theoretical psychology, social psychology, while classified in theoretical psychology.
About the ideology of social psychology there is any contradiction between the various figures in social psychology which can outline that is divided into two streams, the flow subyektifisme stating that the individual that shape his behavior in any society. And the second is the flow, which merupkan obyektivisme flow opposite of subjectivism, that the society that determines the individual.
In addition to the above two streams, there are still discussing the flow of the relationship of the individual with the society of which is the flow of historical and cultural personality.
Widuri Natasya
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Early years of industrial psychologyRelative to other sciences and in other areas in the field of psychology, psilologi I / O has a history pendik. Like the formal study of the organization, this new science smulai at the turn of last century (Wren, 1987). In those early days, this branch of science called simply enough industrial psychology and much narrower in scope than the definition in the Specialty Guidelines (APA, 1981).Parent of industrial psychology in the first seprtiga 20th century may be concluded by the title of earliest one textbook in that field: Psychology of Industrial Efficiency (Efficiency of Industrial Psychology, Munsterberg.1931). dusarankan by titles like this, very alarming psychologist relic of efficiency in the workplace. They believe that merode employee selection, training methods, and the strategy of job design and layout better working is key to achieving this efficiency. Walter Dill Scott, a psychologist who trained in Germany in the classical tradition, is a pioneer in this effort (Lynch, 1968). Scott conducted research in the field of psychology perikalanan, in the selection and placement of the interpreter on sales, and in examining and classifying candidates Army officers (Scott, 1911a, b)Their emphasis on efficiency means that the work of early industrial psychologists tend to be crossed and influenced by industrial engineers work. Particularly relevant are the principles of analysis time and motion studies, developed and enhanced by Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and others.Practical purpose of the first industrial psychologist accelerated by the entry of America in World War I in 1918. urgent military needs to classify and assign a large number of new personnel to work according to a war that requires individual testing on a new scale. Test data intelligence, psychomotor, and personality that are collected during this time provide material for test development for subsequent years for those interested in the measurement of human characteristics.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology in IndonesiaNew science of psychology as well known and developed in Indonesia around 1950's. When Indonesian independence was officially recognized by the dutch at end of year 1949, there are psychological activities using ts-psychological tests conducted by:
A. Psychototechnick Hall of the Ministry of Education Teaching & Culture RI emngadakan selection of students for entry into technical and vocational schools for the purposes of measurement psikometris school majors.
B. Army Psychology Center in Bandung, which organizes the selection and majors to its members based on the measurement psikomertisOn March 3, 1953, under the leadership of Imam Prof.Dr.Slamet Santosso, founded the Institute of Education Psychology Assistant, and the Institute for Teaching Psychotechniek from the Ministry of Education and Culture was merged into it Manjadi RI Psychology of Vocational and Company. Educational Institutions Evolve into Programs Psychology Psychology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and in 1960 became the Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia. Vocational Psychology Section and the Company is now the Section of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Industrial psychology is the branch of psychology that when it only applies to the use of test selection and majors in school since it was turned into his theory of science that can be developed through research.In general we can say that the possibilities for developing and industrial psychology as a science in Indonesia has been known and understood, but its implementation can not be carried out fully.Psychology and Industry in Indonesia today is still an applied science with its main activities on the implementation of a psychological examination (which is popularly known as "psychological test") for the purpose of selection and placement, counseling and vocational guidance and career development.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Every parent would want a pile of favorable development in the life phase of their children, both physical and psychiatric. It is a appearance, physical developments seemed more prominent than the psychological. In fact, sometimes we need to be more vigilant in upholding the child's psychological development because later it will be associated with the formation of identity and personality of the child. Furthermore, we will discuss about the child's psychological development in detail, especially pre-school age children (from age 4 years) up to the school (aged 12 years / before puberty).
Psychosocial developmentIn addition to self-concept and emotional development, we can also see from psychosocial development. From various experts that make up theories about the level of child development, Erick Erickson is one expert who specializes in the development of human social psychology. He developed his theory by making eight psychosocial stages that cover the whole range of life, examining the development of identity, and develop a different method of setting a structured psychoanalytic used with adults. Each stage builds upon the previous phase and affect the formation of the next stage.Erickson himself accentuation theory lies in the search for identity. Identity is the understanding and acceptance of self and society. Throughout our lives will ask "Who am I?" And stringing different answers at each stage. So also the problem of identity is always mmuncul throughout the human life even in very small scale.When viewed from particular age range 4 to 12 years of age, within the psychosocial stages of Erickson can be explained as follows:Stage 3: Initiative vs. GuiltWhen a child is at the age of four to five years, they began to learn from people around him. They recognize their parents as a highly powerful and strong. They also imitate what their parents do. Ability initiative in making decisions to achieve the target and the competition also began to arise in their minds. This is supported by the advance motion tool, language, cognition, and creativity. If they can solve a problem, the initiative will result in the child while the opposite will occur when feelings of guilt. At this stage, the child has learned that he had to work hard to achieve his goal (Wrightsman 1994).Stage 4: Industry vs. inferiorityThis stage occurs at the age of 6 years samapai they enter puberty, which at this age they start school and become a bigger ahapan for knowledge and their work. They began to enter a new stage where they were introduced by the formal education system and new technologies used in school activities. If someone can get through this phase will arise a sense of industry, such as feelings and able to master something. However, if fails then would appear inadequacy and inferiority feelings.
ConclusionOf the various explanations that described previously, then the parents really need to pay attention to children since the early psychological development. In this way, then after nanati adults, children will become adult figure and resilient in facing any problems so that incidents like suicide, depression, etc. can be avoided.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social psychology is the development of new science and is a branch of psychological science in general. Science describes the human activities in relation to social situations. Of various opinion leaders about the notion of social psychology can be concluded that social psychology is the scientific study of the experiences and behavior of individuals in relation to social situations.
Whereas the background incidence of social psychology, some people argue a lot, like, Gabriel Tarde said the fundamentals of social psychology theories originate in the process of imitation as a basis of social interaction between people. Surgery again by Gustave Le Bon, that in humans there are two kinds of souls that is the individual soul and the soul of the mass of each berlaianan nature.
Mass soul is more primitive (savage, irrational, and full of sentiment) than on the properties of the individual soul. Berlaianan with Le Bon, Sigmund Freud argues that the soul of the masses is actually already there and are covered by the individual soul, only humans are often not realized by itself because it is in a state of latent. And many more characters who argued in a book that has an influence on the development of social psychology.
In 1950 and 1960 are actively growing social psychology and psychology degree programs in major universities began disebagaianBasic study of social psychology on the basis of human potential, where the potential is experiencing the development process after the individual is living in a community environment. Potentials include:
1. ability to use language2. existence of ethical attitudes3. Living in three dimensions (past, present, future)
The third principal over the human condition commonly referred to as a minimum. Thus that do not meet minimum human itself were classified as public is difficult. Object of social psychology is the study of human social activities / social phenomena. While social methods, among others:a. Experimental Methodb. Survey Methodsc. Observation Methodd. Diagnostic methods - psychise. Sosiometri method.
As the object of human science, then there is mutual relationship between social psychology with other sciences are also human object, such as: law Science, Economics, history, and is most closely related to sociology. Location in a systematic social psychology in psychology, including the nature of empirical psychology and the psychology of belonging to a special psychology and a study investigating aspects of the specificity of the things that are generally studied in the specialized field of psychology. While standing in the field of social psychology psiklogi included in theoretical psychology, social psychology, while classified in theoretical psychology.
About the ideology of social psychology there is any contradiction between the various figures in social psychology which can outline that is divided into two streams, the flow subyektifisme stating that the individual that shape his behavior in any society. And the second is the flow, which merupkan obyektivisme flow opposite of subjectivism, that the society that determines the individual.
In addition to the above two streams, there are still discussing the flow of the relationship of the individual with the society of which is the flow of historical and cultural personality.
Early years of industrial psychologyRelative to other sciences and in other areas in the field of psychology, psilologi I / O has a history pendik. Like the formal study of the organization, this new science smulai at the turn of last century (Wren, 1987). In those early days, this branch of science called simply enough industrial psychology and much narrower in scope than the definition in the Specialty Guidelines (APA, 1981).Parent of industrial psychology in the first seprtiga 20th century may be concluded by the title of earliest one textbook in that field: Psychology of Industrial Efficiency (Efficiency of Industrial Psychology, Munsterberg.1931). dusarankan by titles like this, very alarming psychologist relic of efficiency in the workplace. They believe that merode employee selection, training methods, and the strategy of job design and layout better working is key to achieving this efficiency. Walter Dill Scott, a psychologist who trained in Germany in the classical tradition, is a pioneer in this effort (Lynch, 1968). Scott conducted research in the field of psychology perikalanan, in the selection and placement of the interpreter on sales, and in examining and classifying candidates Army officers (Scott, 1911a, b)Their emphasis on efficiency means that the work of early industrial psychologists tend to be crossed and influenced by industrial engineers work. Particularly relevant are the principles of analysis time and motion studies, developed and enhanced by Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and others.Practical purpose of the first industrial psychologist accelerated by the entry of America in World War I in 1918. urgent military needs to classify and assign a large number of new personnel to work according to a war that requires individual testing on a new scale. Test data intelligence, psychomotor, and personality that are collected during this time provide material for test development for subsequent years for those interested in the measurement of human characteristics.
Industrial and Organizational Psychology in IndonesiaNew science of psychology as well known and developed in Indonesia around 1950's. When Indonesian independence was officially recognized by the dutch at end of year 1949, there are psychological activities using ts-psychological tests conducted by:
A. Psychototechnick Hall of the Ministry of Education Teaching & Culture RI emngadakan selection of students for entry into technical and vocational schools for the purposes of measurement psikometris school majors.
B. Army Psychology Center in Bandung, which organizes the selection and majors to its members based on the measurement psikomertisOn March 3, 1953, under the leadership of Imam Prof.Dr.Slamet Santosso, founded the Institute of Education Psychology Assistant, and the Institute for Teaching Psychotechniek from the Ministry of Education and Culture was merged into it Manjadi RI Psychology of Vocational and Company. Educational Institutions Evolve into Programs Psychology Psychology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and in 1960 became the Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia. Vocational Psychology Section and the Company is now the Section of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Industrial psychology is the branch of psychology that when it only applies to the use of test selection and majors in school since it was turned into his theory of science that can be developed through research.In general we can say that the possibilities for developing and industrial psychology as a science in Indonesia has been known and understood, but its implementation can not be carried out fully.Psychology and Industry in Indonesia today is still an applied science with its main activities on the implementation of a psychological examination (which is popularly known as "psychological test") for the purpose of selection and placement, counseling and vocational guidance and career development.
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Every parent would want a pile of favorable development in the life phase of their children, both physical and psychiatric. It is a appearance, physical developments seemed more prominent than the psychological. In fact, sometimes we need to be more vigilant in upholding the child's psychological development because later it will be associated with the formation of identity and personality of the child. Furthermore, we will discuss about the child's psychological development in detail, especially pre-school age children (from age 4 years) up to the school (aged 12 years / before puberty).
Psychosocial developmentIn addition to self-concept and emotional development, we can also see from psychosocial development. From various experts that make up theories about the level of child development, Erick Erickson is one expert who specializes in the development of human social psychology. He developed his theory by making eight psychosocial stages that cover the whole range of life, examining the development of identity, and develop a different method of setting a structured psychoanalytic used with adults. Each stage builds upon the previous phase and affect the formation of the next stage.Erickson himself accentuation theory lies in the search for identity. Identity is the understanding and acceptance of self and society. Throughout our lives will ask "Who am I?" And stringing different answers at each stage. So also the problem of identity is always mmuncul throughout the human life even in very small scale.When viewed from particular age range 4 to 12 years of age, within the psychosocial stages of Erickson can be explained as follows:Stage 3: Initiative vs. GuiltWhen a child is at the age of four to five years, they began to learn from people around him. They recognize their parents as a highly powerful and strong. They also imitate what their parents do. Ability initiative in making decisions to achieve the target and the competition also began to arise in their minds. This is supported by the advance motion tool, language, cognition, and creativity. If they can solve a problem, the initiative will result in the child while the opposite will occur when feelings of guilt. At this stage, the child has learned that he had to work hard to achieve his goal (Wrightsman 1994).Stage 4: Industry vs. inferiorityThis stage occurs at the age of 6 years samapai they enter puberty, which at this age they start school and become a bigger ahapan for knowledge and their work. They began to enter a new stage where they were introduced by the formal education system and new technologies used in school activities. If someone can get through this phase will arise a sense of industry, such as feelings and able to master something. However, if fails then would appear inadequacy and inferiority feelings.
ConclusionOf the various explanations that described previously, then the parents really need to pay attention to children since the early psychological development. In this way, then after nanati adults, children will become adult figure and resilient in facing any problems so that incidents like suicide, depression, etc. can be avoided.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social psychology is the development of new science and is a branch of psychological science in general. Science describes the human activities in relation to social situations. Of various opinion leaders about the notion of social psychology can be concluded that social psychology is the scientific study of the experiences and behavior of individuals in relation to social situations.
Whereas the background incidence of social psychology, some people argue a lot, like, Gabriel Tarde said the fundamentals of social psychology theories originate in the process of imitation as a basis of social interaction between people. Surgery again by Gustave Le Bon, that in humans there are two kinds of souls that is the individual soul and the soul of the mass of each berlaianan nature.
Mass soul is more primitive (savage, irrational, and full of sentiment) than on the properties of the individual soul. Berlaianan with Le Bon, Sigmund Freud argues that the soul of the masses is actually already there and are covered by the individual soul, only humans are often not realized by itself because it is in a state of latent. And many more characters who argued in a book that has an influence on the development of social psychology.
In 1950 and 1960 are actively growing social psychology and psychology degree programs in major universities began disebagaianBasic study of social psychology on the basis of human potential, where the potential is experiencing the development process after the individual is living in a community environment. Potentials include:
1. ability to use language2. existence of ethical attitudes3. Living in three dimensions (past, present, future)
The third principal over the human condition commonly referred to as a minimum. Thus that do not meet minimum human itself were classified as public is difficult. Object of social psychology is the study of human social activities / social phenomena. While social methods, among others:a. Experimental Methodb. Survey Methodsc. Observation Methodd. Diagnostic methods - psychise. Sosiometri method.
As the object of human science, then there is mutual relationship between social psychology with other sciences are also human object, such as: law Science, Economics, history, and is most closely related to sociology. Location in a systematic social psychology in psychology, including the nature of empirical psychology and the psychology of belonging to a special psychology and a study investigating aspects of the specificity of the things that are generally studied in the specialized field of psychology. While standing in the field of social psychology psiklogi included in theoretical psychology, social psychology, while classified in theoretical psychology.
About the ideology of social psychology there is any contradiction between the various figures in social psychology which can outline that is divided into two streams, the flow subyektifisme stating that the individual that shape his behavior in any society. And the second is the flow, which merupkan obyektivisme flow opposite of subjectivism, that the society that determines the individual.
In addition to the above two streams, there are still discussing the flow of the relationship of the individual with the society of which is the flow of historical and cultural personality.
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